A researcher rarely has access to study a whole population. This could be due to the size of the population, availa
researchers use samples to estimate the population value. This value is always accompanied by some level of er
population was used.
Statistics are tools that are used to estimate these values. In this section, you will be learning about the basic con
data, presenting categorical and continuous data, as well as the concepts related to the central tendency. The con
are part of the foundational knowledge required to conduct and evaluate data analyses using statistics.
In this section, you need to make sure that you understand the concepts related to the level of measurement of th
important in determining the statistical analysis later on. Also, it is a priority that you understand the appropriate te
discussing statistical data. Every result that we obtain in statistics is accompanied by some level of error (as desc
estimation from the population. The concept of proof is not appropriate in this discussion. It is appropriate to say t
evidence of an association, difference, etc.
You will also be introduced to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). SPSS is a comprehensive s
package widely accepted and used by researchers in numerous fields, particularly in education. SPSS is used to
basic descriptive statistics as well as more advanced inferential statistical analyses to support informed decisions
various foundational statistical analyses throughout this course, beginning with an understanding of descriptive st
displays of analyzed data in the form of frequency distributions involving tables, bar charts, and histograms.
Remember that there are additional resources available in the Supplemental Resources under Course Resources
SPSS Software:
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Week 1
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Basic Concepts in Statistics and Basic SPSS Functions
This week, you will be introduced to basic concepts that are used in statistics. A statistic is a number that is used
variable or groups of variables. Statistics are used to estimate a population value using a sample.
In this section, you will learn about the differences between a sample and a population. You will also learn about t
measurement and the characteristics of each one. Measurement has four distinct categories, each one of them p
information, and they are specific to certain statistical analyses. This week’s material also presents the definitions
the difference between the research and statistical hypothesis, and hypothesis testing.
Also, this week, you will learn the basic layout and functions of SPSS necessary to begin to learn how to compute
computer software package. The use of SPSS provides researchers with error-free statistical computations; howe
accurate if the proper SPSS commands are used with the appropriate datasets. Throughout this course, you will i
both statistical analyses and the accurate use of SPSS.
Remember that there are additional resources available in the Supplemental Resources under Course Resources
Note: Assignments in this course will require you to use SPSS. You should have received a notification to register
via the link provided in the notification. If you did not receive notification by the Friday before this course started, p
advisor for that information.
Heads-Up to the Signature Assignment
Your culminating Signature Assignment (due in Week 8) will reflect all that you have learned within the course, an
complete some work ahead of time. For your Signature Assignment, you will use the statistical knowledge and sc
this course. You will be initially asked to develop two types of research questions, or research questions involving
and research questions involving the difference between variables. To ensure you are prepared and have adequa
assignment, please review the instructions by looking ahead to Week 8. You can contact your professor if you hav
Be sure to review this week’s resources carefully. You are expected to apply the information from these resources
assignments.
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List of Topics and Sub-Modules for Week 1
• Books and Resources for this Week
o Caprazo, R. M., & Yetkiner, Z. E. (2012). p Value. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of research design (pp. 1
SAGE.
Link
o Coleman, J. S. (2018). Hypothesis testing. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research
Link
o Coleman, J. S. (2018). Levels of measurement. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational rese
evaluation…
Link
o Gordon, M., & Courtney, R. (2018). SPSS. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research
Link
o Huck, S. W., Beavers, A. S., & Esquivel, S. (2012). Sample. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of research des
Oaks…
Link
o Ingram, P. B., & Ternes, M. S. (2018). Ordinal-level of measurement. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encycloped
Link
o Litt, A. R. (2010). Population. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of research design (pp. 1053). Thousand Oak
Link
o Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., & Guarino, A. J. (2013). Entering data in IBM SPSS. In Performing data analysis u
Hoboken…
Link
o Mitra. A. (2012). Parameters. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of research design (pp. 998-999). Thousand O
Link
o Prion, S. (2018). Nominal-level measurement. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational resea
evaluation…
Link
o Spatz, C. (2012). Statistic. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of research design (pp. 1442). Thousand Oaks,
Link
o Staddon, J. E. (2018). Scientific method. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, m
Link
o Sudweeks, R. R. (2018). Interval-level of measurement. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educatio
Link
o Grades.sav
SAV File
o Week 1 -Assignment 1 Worksheet
Word Document
o Week 1 – Assignment 2 Worksheet
Word Document
• Week 1 – Assignment 1: Examine the Basic Principles and Concepts Related to Inferential Statistics
Assignment
Due March 27, 2021 11:59pm
Please answer each of the following questions using information from the readings. Remember that there are add
Supplemental Resources under Course Resources from the course home page.
- Population and sample:
a. What is a population?
b. What is a sample? - What is the difference between a statistic and a parameter?
- What is the margin of error in statistics, and why is it important?
- What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data?
- Describe the four levels of measurements
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio - Provide examples of variables found in educational research that exist in each of the four levels of measureme
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio - What is a hypothesis?
- What is a hypothesis test?
- Statistical hypothesis:
a. What is the null hypothesis?
b. What is the alternative hypothesis? - Please explain what a p-value is for a hypothesis test.
Length: Please complete the worksheet provided for this assignment.
References: At least 3 scholarly sources (the course textbooks will work as a reference)
Your answers should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the co
and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect graduate-level writing and APA standards.
University’s Academic Integrity Policy.
•
• Week 1 – Assignment 2: Examine the Basic Layout and Functions of SPSS
Assignment
You will now have the opportunity to become familiar with the basic layout and functions of SPSS using descriptiv
Open SPSS, and then open the data file “grades.sav” found in Books and Resources.
Figure 1. grades.sav file
Use the Variable View tab found in the lower center of the window to answer the following questions:
Figure 2. Variable View tab - How many variables are in this dataset? SPSS uses the word scale for both interval and ratio data.
- How many of the variables in this data are scale, nominal, and ordinal variables?
Use the Data View tab found in the lower left-hand corner of the window to answer the following questions:
Figure 3. Data View tab - How many subjects are in this dataset?
- What are the last name, gender, and GPA of the 18th subject?
Conduct a simple analysis and retrieve some output:
In the Menu Commands, click on Analyze to open a drop-down window.
Figure 4. Menu Commands
• From the drop-down window, open the Descriptive Statistics window, then Descriptive….
• A dialog window will open Descriptive. Locate and move GPA into the Variables Box.
Figure 5. Descriptive Statistics Window
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Figure 6. Locate and move GPA into Variable box
Figure 7. GPA in Variables box
Click on the Options tab on the right-hand side of the Variables Box. Another dialog window will open, Descriptive
Figure 8. Options tab
• In this dialog box, select: Mean, Standard Deviation, Range, and S.E. Mean. Click Continue to close this box.
o Click OK in the Descriptive dialog box.
• An output window should open. Copy and paste the output table into your assignment submission.
Then, answer these questions: - What is the number of GPAs?
- What is the range?
- What is the mean?
- What is the standard error?
- What is the standard deviation?