Is severe punishment less criminality? Comparing penal punitiveness in UK and Scandinavian.
The post is a combination of two aighnments
1: Does severe punishment mean less criminality? Comparing penal punitiveness in the UK and Scandinavian.
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demonstrate the inefficacy of prisons as a form of punishment. In doing so, the essay will take for example the Scandinavian prison system which uses imprisonment as
last resort and focuses more on rehabilitation. I have written a synopsis which can help with the task.
This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with the development of the differential use of imprisonment between England and Wales and
Scandinavian, explaining both countries’ penal system by paying particular attention to their historical context. A qualitative study by David Garland (2010) described
how punishment must be understood as a complex social institution that is shaped by historical, social, economic, and political forces. The countries Denmark, Finland,
Sweden, Iceland and Norway are frequently referred with the term Scandinavian or Nordic and there is a large number of published researches refer to them as one region
by speaking of a “Scandinavian penal model” (Lappi-Seppälä, 2007) or “Nordic model” (Takala 2005) and this is because they all share similar political and legal
systems with interrelated histories.
The second and third parts analyse both prison systems, prison conditions, rate of imprisonment, level of prison violence, drug taking, self-harm and re-offending
rate. According to the Council of Europe’s annual penal statistics (2017), England and Wales have the highest rate of imprisonment in Western Europe at 143.8 prisoners
per 100,000 population. On the other hand, the lowest rate of imprisonment are Finland (50.8), Denmark (56.1), and Sweden (58.6) with re-offending rate at about 40% –
less than a half of those in the UK.
Several lines of evidence suggest that the main commonality between the Scandinavian countries has been the use of prison as last resort for only indictable offences
in order to limit social marginalisation and providing successful reintegration into society ( Von Hofer, 2003). In Sweden local communities compete with each other
for the locations of new prisons recognising their social and economies benefits (John Pratt, 2014), also Norwegian students often work as prisons officers on a casual
basis and this is indicative of the socially acceptable nature of prison work and of the generally relaxed conditions likely to be found in most prisons.
On the contrary, there are a number of important differences in the British prison system. According to the Ministry of Justice (2017), episodes of violence in prisons
has increased to record levels with 300 deaths in custody in the 12 months to September 2017. A quarter of prisoners are held in crowed accommodations according to
official figures (Ministry of justice, 2017). Assault on prison staff has increased by 32% in the last year, to a rate of 84 incidents per 1,000 prisoners (Ministry of
Justice, 2017).
The fourth part presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes aims to offer a summary of knowledge on deterrence. Cultural differences in
punishing reflect fundamental cultural differences in societies. Data from several official statics suggest that the impact of imprisonment on crime is minimal and
that rehabilitation is the only way to improve the society we live in.
2: characteristics attributed to coaches
Choose three characteristics attributed to coaches and discuss how these attributes helped these coaches become successful in their sports.
3: Application of Research Methods
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Aims:
Test whether you are able to apply the knowledge you have acquired about Research Methods during your
lectures, tutorials and required reading, to your own research project. This can be your planned dissertation project (which you are encouraged to use)
or another realistic research project of equal scope.
For this assignment you are required to develop a research proposal, similar to the one you will need to hand in for your dissertation. Therefore, not
only is the assignment intended to be part of the coursework requirements for MGT682, it can also serve as an extremely useful starting point for the
research proposal you will need to write for your dissertation. However, in contrast to your dissertation research proposal, this assignment not only asks
you what you are planning to research but more importantly why you are planning it and to explain your decision in a specific way.
There is no “one best way” to write a research proposal; there are many very good proposals, depending on the topic and project chosen. A very good
proposal demonstrates your understanding of research methods and your ability to apply your knowledge to a new, unique research project of your own
choosing, in order to develop a coherent, reflective piece of work. In a very good research proposal, the research question, the research approach, and
the method of data collection/generation are all aligned.
It is essential that you:
• Use a realistic research proposal of your own
• Keep the same research topic throughout the assignment
• For each section, follow the “Requirements” detailed in the following pages.
The criteria which will be used to mark your assignment are detailed at the end of this document (see “Assessment Criteria”).
Requirements:
Think of a specific research question for a research project that you could realistically carry out as part of your dissertation project (or another realistic
research project of equal scope).
Structure your assignment (MGT682-1) according to the following four sections:
1. Introduction 100 words
2. Literature Review 450 words
3. Research approach and design 550 words
4. Proposed Data Collection 400 words
Make sure you address all the issues detailed below.
Introduction – 100 words
This section provides an overview and rationale for your research. It clarifies the general problem/gap that you are trying to address and what will be
the contribution and significance of your research. It includes clear research questions and aims.
1. Briefly describe your research topic.
2. Clarify your research question.
3. Provide an argument as to why it is important to investigate this question.
Literature Review – 450 words
This section provides an overview of a range of literature relevant to the topic chosen. The purpose is to identify gaps in the existing literature and to
identify the (modest) ways in which your research can fill those gaps. This, in turn, will provide a clear justification for the research questions.
1. Identify two/three key dimensions related to your topic and questions (Use at least three academic sources).
2. For each of your sources, summarise the information that is most important for your research question. Make it clear how each of your sources
relates to your research question.
3. Identify existing gap(s) and/or limitations in the articles you have selected and (ideally) in the wider field.
4. Clarify how and why your research contribute to the existing stock of knowledge.
Research approach – 550 words
This section provides an overview of the overarching research approach, outlines the research design and provides an overview of your sampling
strategy
1. Explain the research aim and objectives.
2. Clarify whether the research is qualitative, quantitative or mix-methods and explain your choice.
3. Clarify its underlying philosophical assumptions (e.g. positivism, critical realism or constructionism), approach (inductive or deductive) and design
and explain your choices.
4. If relevant develop a testable hypothesis and describe the variable involved
Proposed data collection – 400 words
Describe how you could collect your data to investigate the research question you outlined in the Introduction.
1. Based on your chosen research approach (as detailed above; question 3c), discuss the method of data collection you would use to investigate
your research question. Make clear why your chosen method is appropriate to answer your research question.
2. Describe how you would gain access to collect your data.
3. Consider who your research participants would be.
4. Consider what type of sampling strategy you would need to recruit your participants and collect your data. In particular, consider
whether a valid
sampling frame would be available for your research.
5. Discuss the advantages and limitations associated with the practical aspects of your chosen method of data collection.
Referencing:
reference your work correctly using the Harvard method. Failure to do so will result in the deduction of marks and possible proceedings
under the University’s Regulations as to the Use of Unfair Means.