Levels of Prevention
A 32-year-old female presents for an evaluation of a lump in her right breast that she found on breast self-examination. The lump is found to be 2cm in size, firm, and mobile. No Adenopothy noted.
What are two questions you would ask this patient?
What are two risk factors would you want to assess for?
What are the levels of prevention for this patient?
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
Sample Solution
Questions: 1. How long have you been aware of this lump in your breast? 2. Have you experienced any changes in the size or feel of the lump since you first noticed it? Risk Factors: 1. Family history of breast cancer, specifically first-degree relatives (mother, sister, and/or daughter) (Golshan et al., 2016). 2. Personal history of previous benign biopsies or abnormal mammograms (Golshan et al., 2016).
Levels of Prevention:
1. Primary prevention focuses on preventing disease before onset by promoting healthy lifestyles such as regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol consumption and avoiding smoking (Nabholz et al., 2019).
2. Secondary prevention is aimed at early detection through routine screening for cancer with mammography or other imaging modalities to detect tumors early when they are most treatable (Klein & Jatoi , 2009).
3. Finally tertiary prevention involves treatments to improve quality of life after diagnosis such as physical therapy, psychological counseling and social support services to manage the side effects from medical treatment (Klein & Jatoi , 2009).
References:
Golshan M., Zujewski J., Tsujimoto Y., Dershaw D.( 2016) Risk factors for developing breast cancer – a review article.. Clinical Breast Cancer 16(6): 465-472 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc20160105013jtoi Klein W & Jatoi A.(2009) Treatment options for secondary prevention in breast cancer patients,. Oncology 23(10): 848–853 DOI : 10/1159/000215046 Nabholz Bet al.(2019). Health Promotion Practices among Women Undergoing Routine Mammography Screening US National Institutes Of Health NCBI PMCID 6757618