Describe in detail the pathophysiological stages of kidney stones in a working 45-year-old adult male. Explain the clinical manifestations, complications, prognosis, diagnostic tests, and medical treatments and procedures involved. Discuss the nurse's role in supporting the patient's psychological, emotional, and spiritual needs. Provide an example integrating concepts from the "Statement of Human Flourishing," (attached).
Pathophysiological Stages of Kidney Stone Formation
Kidney stones, or nephrolithiasis, are solid masses formed from crystals separated from urine within the urinary tract. They can vary in size from microscopic to several centimeters. The formation of kidney stones is a multi-stage process, typically occurring due to an imbalance between factors that promote crystallization and those that inhibit it. In a working 45-year-old adult male, common risk factors include diet, dehydration, genetic predisposition, and certain medical conditions.
The major types of kidney stones are:
Calcium Oxalate (most common, ~75-80%): Often associated with hypercalciuria (high calcium in urine) or hyperoxaluria (high oxalate in urine).
Calcium Phosphate (~10-15%): Associated with alkaline urine and renal tubular acidosis.
Uric Acid (~5-10%): Associated with acidic urine, gout, high purine intake, and dehydration.
Struvite (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate, ~1-2%): Associated with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by urease-producing bacteria (e.g., Proteus, Klebsiella), which make urine alkaline.
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