will write on the pharmacological management of COPD.
COPD
Pathophysiology of the disease state.
Review of the pharmacological agents used for treatment and important information related to advanced practice nurse.
Pharmacological management of COPD.
Sample Answer
Pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
COPD is a progressive, irreversible inflammatory disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation. The underlying pathophysiology involves a complex interplay of chronic inflammation, airway remodeling, and destruction of lung parenchyma. This process is primarily triggered by long-term exposure to noxious particles or gases, with cigarette smoking being the most common cause.
The key pathological changes include:
Airway Inflammation and Narrowing: In response to inhaled irritants, the airways, particularly the small airways (<2 mm in diameter), become inflamed. This chronic inflammation leads to an infiltration of inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, T-lymphocytes) and the release of inflammatory mediators. This cascade results in: