Short Answer / Absolute Risk Reduction

  Short Answer / Absolute Risk Reduction Provide an example of how you would communicate the absolute risk reduction of budesonide (with respect to use in this specific setting) in a manner that an intelligent non-expert would understand [e.g. assume you are explaining to a patient how effective the drug is] (maximum of 100 words).     Ipilimumab is a new targeted therapy for metastatic melanoma and is also being considered for addition to Robert's hospital's formulary. It has been estimated that the incremental cost-effectiveness of ipilimumab is $100,000 per QALY. If there is only enough funding to add either prasugrel or ipilimumab to the formulary, which would you choose solely on the basis of cost-effectiveness? Explain your reasoning (maximum of 100 words).     Short Answer / Drug Selectivity Beta blockers are used in the treatment of multiple cardiovascular disorders and other conditions such as glaucoma. Question: Concisely explain how the selectivity of beta-blockers may impact on the potential for adverse effects of these drugs (maximum of 300 words).     Short Answer / Drug Interactions A novel allosteric modulator that activates the enzyme phosphodiesterase-5 is currently under development as a treatment for hypotension. Question: Discuss the theoretical molecular interactions and clinical consequences that would result from co-prescribing this drug to an individual currently being treated with an organic nitrate such isosorbide mononitrate and hypothesis a clinical situation where it would be appropriate to administer the new drug to an individual being treated with isosorbide mononitrate. (maximum 300 words)     Short Answer / Organophosphate Exposure Geoffrey is the proprietor of a restaurant in Victoria Square. In an attempt to eradicate a recent cockroach infestation he closes the restaurant for fumigation by an ‘unauthorised’ pest control agent. Geoffrey is advised not to enter the restaurant for 24 hours post fumigation. Geoffrey soon realises he has left the weeks takings in the restaurant safe and enters the restaurant 2 hours after the fumigation process. Ten minutes after entering the restaurant Geoffrey develops the following signs and symptoms: bradycardia, salivation, profuse sweating, watery eyes, blurred vision, wheezing and breathlessness, diarrhea, and skeletal muscle twitching and convulsions. Question: a). Identify the mechanism by which high-dose organophosphate’s cause toxicity in humans and briefly discuss how TWO of Geoffrey’s symptoms are linked to the pharmacological properties of organophosphates. (Maximum 250 words)   Short Answer / Follow-up A passer-by notices that Geoffrey is in distress and calls 000. When the paramedics arrive, as part of their treatment they administer atropine (2 mg IV) repeated every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. Question: b). Briefly discuss the mechanism of action of atropine and identify why repeated dosing is required for a 20 minute duration. (Maximum 50 words)