The difference between discretionary and mandatory spending

What is the difference between discretionary and mandatory spending, and why does the distinction matter? Please cite an example of a program that falls into each category.
What is the difference between budget deficits and the national debt? What main factors are contributing to higher budget deficits?
What factors determine whether a federal court nominee gets confirmed by the Senate?
Why was the failed nomination of Merrick Garland to replace Antonin Scalia on the Supreme Court so important?
How have Senate confirmations of SCOTUS nominees changed since the 1980s and 1990s?

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