The Mendelian theory

 

 

 

Question 1[38 marks]
             [11]
The Mendelian theory states that the number of a certain type of peas falling into the classifications round and yellow, wrinkled and yellow, round and green, and wrinkled and green should be in the ratio 9:3:3:1. Suppose that 100 such peas revealed 56, 19,17, and 8 in the respective categories. Are these data consistent with the model? Use 0.05 level of significance.

1.2            [16]
Mr. Acosta, a sociologist, is doing a study to see if there is a relationship between the age of a young adult (18 to 35 years old) and the type of movie preferred. A random sample of 93 young adults revealed the following data. Test whether age and type of movie preferred are independent at the 0.05 level.

                                Person’s Age
                          18-23 yr      24-29 yr      30-35 yr     Row Total
Movie                       18–23 yr            24–29 yr            30–35 yr            Row Total
Drama 8 15 11 34
Science fiction 12 10 8 30
Comedy 9 8 12 29
Column Total 29 33 31 93

 

1.3                     [11]

The number of accidents experienced by machinists in a certain industry were observed for a fixed period of time, with the results as shown in the companying table. Test, at the 5% level of significance, the hypothesis that data come from a Poisson.

Accident per Machinist Frequency of Observation (number of machinists)
0 296
1 74
2 26
3 8
4 4
5 4
6 1
7 0
8 1

 

Question 2 [40 marks]
For the following time series
Quarter Year
2008 2009 2010
1 26 32 34
2 50 62 70
3 40 49 50
4 33 41 15

2.1 Compute the 4-period centered moving averages.     [4] 
2.2 On the same axes, produce two-line graphs comparing the actual time series to the 4-period centered moving average values. Use the graph paper. 
(Use 1 cm to represent 10 thousand units on the vertical axis)    [4]
2.3 Compute the seasonal indexes.       [10]
2.4 De-seasonalise the quarterly time series and interpret the first de-seasonalised value.
[6]
2.5 Use the method of least squares from regression analysis to determine the trend line of   best fit. Use the zero-sum method for coding.      [10]
2.6 Using the trend line you produced in 2.5, estimate the trend value of the time series for Quarter 3 in year 5.         [3]
2.7 Find the seasonally-adjusted trend estimate value for Quarter 3 of year 5.  [3]

 

Hypotheses:

H0​: The proportions of peas follow the 9:3:3:1 Mendelian ratio.

H1​: The proportions do not follow the 9:3:3:1 Mendelian ratio.

Test Statistic:

  1. χ2=∑Ei​(Oi​−Ei​)2​=0.6611

Degrees of Freedom (df):

  1. df=k−1=4−1=3

(where k is the number of categories).

Critical Value: For α=0.05 and df=3, the critical value is χcrit2​=7.815.

Decision: Since the calculated test statistic (χ2=0.6611) is less than the critical value (χcrit2​=7.815), we do not reject H0​.

Conclusion: The data are consistent with the Mendelian model at the 0.05 level of significance.

 

1.2 χ2 Test of Independence (Age and Movie Preference)

 

H0​: Age and type of movie preferred are independent. H1​: Age and type of movie preferred are dependent. Level of Significance (α) = 0.05. Total sample size (N) = 93.

 

1. Calculate Expected Frequencies (Eij​)

 

The expected frequency for cell (i,j) is Eij​=Grand TotalRow Totali​×Column Totalj​​.

Oij​18-23 yr (C1​)24-29 yr (C2​)30-35 yr (C3​)Row Total

Sample Answer

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This response addresses the statistical analysis questions in Question 1 and the time series analysis questions in Question 2.

 

Question 1: Hypothesis Testing

 

 

1.1 Mendelian Genetics χ2 Goodness-of-Fit Test

 

The Mendelian theory states the ratio of the four classifications of peas (Round/Yellow, Wrinkled/Yellow, Round/Green, Wrinkled/Green) should be 9:3:3:1. Total number of peas (N) = 100. Level of Significance (α) = 0.05.

CategoryObserved Frequency (Oi​)Proportion (Pi​)Expected Frequency (Ei​=N⋅Pi​)Ei​(Oi​−Ei​)2​
Round/Yellow569/16=0.5625100⋅0.5625=56.2556.25(56−56.25)2​=0.0011
Wrinkled/Yellow193/16=0.1875100⋅0.1875=18.7518.75(19−18.75)2​=0.0033
Round/Green173/16=0.1875100⋅0.1875=18.7518.75(17−18.75)2​=0.1667
Wrinkled/Green81/16=0.0625100⋅0.0625=6.256.25(8−6.25)2​=0.4900
Total1001.00100∑χ2 = 0.6611

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