1. State a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis.
2. Determine the level of the variables: a. If HPV infection is measured as not infected, infected with a low-risk strain, or infected with a high-risk strain, what level of measurement is this variable? b. If cervical cell abnormalities are measured as biopsy pathology results of negative, CIN I, CIN II, CIN III, or Cancer in Situ (these are progressively worse levels of abnormality), what level of measurement is the variable?
3. Choose an appropriate statistical test for this study. Which statistical test do you select? Explain your rationale.
4. Compare the following population results from past studies with the sampled results from the current study to determine whether the sample is representative. Show your work and explain your rationale.
In the population, 30% of cervical biopsies are negative, 40% are CIN I, 20% are CIN II, 5% are CIN III, and 5% are Cancer in Situ (CIS). A random selection of hospitals is made and a random selection of biopsy results is reviewed.
In the random sample of 120 biopsies, 16 are negative, 42 are CIN I, 30 are CIN II, 22 are CIN III, and 10 are CIS. In the same sample, 1 person is HPV negative, 87 are HPV positive with the low-risk strain, and 32 are HPV positive with the high-risk strain.
5. Answer the following questions based on below scenario.
Suppose the statistical test you employ states that the association between the type of HPV infection and cervical cell abnormalities has a p-value of 0.06. If the alpha for the study is set at 0.05,
a. What should the researcher conclude regarding the null hypothesis? Why?
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b. If instead of an alpha of 0.05 the researchers decided to set this pilot study’s alpha at 0.10, what would the researcher conclude about the null hypothesis (p = 0.06)?
6. Address the following issues:
a. If the researcher rejects the null hypothesis but does so in error, what type of error could he or she be making? What does this type of error mean?
b. If the researcher does find a statistically significant difference, does this mean it is a clinically significant difference?