• recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems
• make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations
• weigh evidence and make decisions based on strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge
and the scientific method
• use knowledge of biological principles, the scientific method, and appropriate technologies to ask
relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and
draw conclusions
- Select one of the topics listed below (a-e).
- For all suggested topics include the following:
References- minimum 20
4-5 pages excluding references page
12 point Font
1 inch margins
Single spaced
You are encouraged to use the UMUC library in your search: https://libguides.umgc.edu/science . - Write a paper with title page, introduction, several paragraphs addressing the questions,
conclusion and references. You must write in your own words and paraphrase information from the
selected information sources, addressing each of the questions for your chosen topic. Your paper
should consist of less than 10% direct quotes. Your paper should be 750-1500 words, excluding
references and title page. Use APA style for references:
https://sites.umgc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm - Submit your assignment to the Assignment folder by the due date listed in the course schedule.
a) Stem cells. Your friend has suffered a spinal cord injury after a bad car accident. The medical
team has decided that he is a good candidate for a clinical trial using stem cell therapy. Your friend
has not had a biology course since high school, so you decide to write him a letter sharing your
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knowledge of stem cells. Include in your letter a description of the biology of stem cells and how
these cells are unique from other cells. Contrast the different types of stem cells, including pros and
cons for each type. Explain how stems cells can be used to treat diseases and injury, with special
focus on spinal cord injuries. Include information from at least one research study or clinical trial.
Conclude with your own opinion.
b) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs). A friend tells you that she avoids foods containing
GMOs because they are unhealthy. You decide to use the knowledge gained from your biology class
and some additional research to form your own opinion on GMOs. Answer the following questions
backed up by reliable information sources. What is the purpose of genetically engineering of crop
plants? Include at least two specific examples of commonly grown GMO crops. How are GMOs
created? Use the provided course materials and make a connection to the central dogma of
molecular biology in your explanation. Which foods in your supermarket contain GMOs? Are foods
that contain GMOs safe for human consumption? What types of regulations exist for these foods?
Clearly explain your reasoning for each answer in your paper and conclude whether or not you
agree with your friend.
c) Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) has been the most recent
breakthrough discovery in bioengineering that enables scientists to edit DNA. Because you have
studied biology in this course, you have volunteered at your niece’s Middle School Science Club to
monitor a student debate about CRISPR. The students will be watching the following video before
the discussion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=252&v=2pp17E4E-O8 and you
need to be prepared in case there are any questions. Please research and write an answer to each
of the following questions: What is “CRISPR”? What role does Cas9 play in the CRISPR process?
How does the CRISPR-Cas9 system snip and replace any DNA sequence? What are the potential
benefits and drawbacks of gene editing? Include specific examples. Do you believe that the inherent
risks of modifying animal DNA is worth the rewards? Explain. Do you believe that it is ethical to
genetically engineer humans and/or animals? Explain.
d) Vaccines. Your friend is worried about the many vaccines that his newborn son is scheduled to
receive and asks you for advice since you are taking a biology course. Start with an explanation of
how vaccines work. Briefly contrast the traditional methods used to create vaccines with more
recently used biotechnology techniques. Then list some of the diseases that babies and children in
the US are routinely vaccinated against. How has vaccinations impacted the frequency of these
diseases over the past 100 years? Why are some people worried about giving their children
vaccines? Is there scientific evidence to support these concerns? Conclude with advice to your
friend in regard to getting the recommended vaccines based on what you learned from reliable
information sources.
e) Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) and tar sands (oil sands). With society’s dependence on
nonrenewable fossil fuels, the oil & gas industry is turning to hydraulic fracturing and tar (oil) sands
to extract natural gas and oil. A friend asks you “What’s all this controversy in the news about
fracking and tar sands?” Briefly explain to your friend how hydraulic fracturing and tar (oil) sands are
used to obtain these fossil fuels. Then, in more detail, describe the environmental problems that
may result from these processes and why they are controversial. Issues that should be addressed
involves water, air and soil pollution with special focus on global climate change, effects on human