Competition Enforcement Law

Are sanctions for substantive competition infringements imposed on individuals — either under civil law or in criminal law — necessary for the effective enforcement of competition rules in Europe? If so, does the UK ‘cartel offence” (in ss. 188-210 Enterprise Act 2002) provide an adequate model for European criminal competition law enforcement, in particular when compared with prosecutorial practice in the USA for felonies committed contrary to s. 1 of the US ‘Sherman’ Act (1890)?”