5. Define circadian rhythms and explain how the body’s “biological clock” works and what happens when it doesn’t.
6. Distinguish between the basic processes of sensation and perception, explain how the doctrine of specific nerve energies applies to perception, and discuss how synesthesia contributes to our understanding of sensory modalities.
7. Describe the basic principles of classical conditioning, including the extinction and recovery of a classically conditioned response, how higher-order conditioning takes place, and the process of stimulus generalization and discrimination.
8. Compare social norms and social roles, and note how each contributes to the social rules that govern a culture.