Read the write-up below and respond and/or comment using a scholarly tone. Write a FULL Page. On the following, use Paragraph Headings Per APA FORMAT:

• Respond to your colleague writeup and search the internet for a different article related to trustworthiness and/or quality of qualitative research that offer techniques or strategies.
• Explain how these other techniques or strategies might further ensure quality, trustworthiness, and credibility in qualitative research
• Finally, evaluate the feasibility of your colleague’s strategies.
• Politely agree or disagree with the colleague’s Offer and support an opinion, AVOID NEGATIVE CRITICISM. Also avoid “The writer or author did not do this or that, rather if you note anything the writer/author omitted, you can just say, “I would have added this or that to the write up”.
• Validate an idea with your own experience.

YOU MUST cite appropriately all words not your own words

Please cite at least 5 scholarly references as appropriate using APA FORMAT.

MUST be void of any form of PLAGIARISM

An Explanation of How to Ensure the Quality, Trustworthiness, and Credibility of One’s Qualitative Research
A peer-reviewed journal article titled Quality and Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research in Counseling Psychology (Morrow, 2005) discusses the propensity for research bias in quantitative research as well as the qualitative variety. Here, with a focus on qualitative studies, the author’s take-away was eye-opening. “Owning one’s perspective includes disclosing personal, theoretical, and methodological orientations, values, and assumptions that could affect the research” (Morrow, 2005, p. 257, para. 3). This concept sincerely resonated with me! One of the issues that I am reminded of often is the fact that my deep interest in Tick-borne diseases spring-boarded from my daughter contracting seven (yes, seven) TBDs from a single tick bite. When I started to become involved in the area of Tick-borne diseases, I learned that transparency is a critical ingredient in moving a high-quality campaign or educational initiative forward. This article’s centrifugal point is that transparency is the single most crucial element in creating the highest quality qualitative research.
Conduct a google search of the trustworthiness of qualitative research, and the names Guba and Lincoln are synonymous with this area of study. Their list of criteria for the establishment of credibility follows:
• Prolonged engagement
• Persistent observation
• Triangulation
• Peer debriefing
• Negative case analysis
• Referential adequacy
• Member-checking (Lincoln & Guba, 1985, para. 7).
Having this type of list to follow makes sense to me. This list checking strategy applies to many scenarios where the observer is intending on getting a real sense of the lived experience of those being observed. Another expert in the field of qualitative research asserts that “In particular, each person who is approached should be give the opportunities to refuse to participate in the project to ensure that the data collections sessions involve only those who are genuinely willing to take part and prepared to offer data freely” (Shenton, 2004, p.66, para. 2).
Wait for just one second! Not so fast! In another peer-review journal article, the authors assert something quite different from the prolonged engagement that is of critical importance to Guba & Lincoln. Here, authors profess that the most effective method of maximizing trustworthiness is through the predication of intense meetings that are very short-termed. This group of authors insists that this cannot be compared with ethnography, which is involved in a much longer-term and prolonged engagements (Phillips et al., 2014). Yikes! It’s getting a little hot in here! Okay, I feel that there is no question that there can be benefits to both styles of data collection. I would have to conclude that each scenario would lend itself to different applications, and, just as one must adjust one’s personality and demeanor for the various situations that life presents- being this rigid with the right and wrong styles is so ’1985-2005.’ Breaking news! It is 2019… and one must trust oneself when lending one’s ear while hoping to gather the most authentic reflection of the participant’s lived experience.
In still another peer-reviewed journal article titled Reported credibility techniques in higher education evaluation studies that used qualitative methods: A research synthesis, the researchers urge that a defined systematic process should be providing accountability throughout each stage of the research and assert that this needs to be employed (Liao & Hitchcock, 2018). These five organizational attributes include accountability, accuracy, feasibility, propriety, and utility. Our text speaks to the importance of adhering “to a set of different standard or criteria than quantitative researchers to assess validity or trustworthiness given the differences in values between the paradigms; these standards include credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability” (Ravitch & Carl, 2016, p. 188, para. 1). As many of the authors in this field have pointed to, one must keep in mind that this is a relatively ‘baby science,’ and that all these opinions and beliefs are still contributing to the process of refinement of the criteria that will create the highest quality research that is most credible and trustworthy. Social change at its best!
References
Liao, H., Hitchcock, J. (2018). Reported credibility techniques in higher education evaluation studies that used qualitative methods: A research synthesis. Evaluation and Program Planning 68(1), 157-165. doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.03.005.
Lincoln, Y.S., Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Morrow, S. (2005). Quality and Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research in Counseling Psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52(2), 250-260. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.250
Phillips, C. B., Dwan, K., Hepworth, J., Pearce, C., & Hall, S. (2014. Using qualitative mixed methods to study small health care organizations while maximizing trustworthiness and authenticity. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1), 1-13. doi://10.1186/s12913-014-0559-4
Ravitch, S., & Carl, N. (2016). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63-75. doi: 10.3233/EFI-2004-22201.

ASSIGNMENT 2

Read the write-up below and respond and/or comment using a scholarly tone. Write a FULL Page. On the following, use Paragraph Headings Per APA FORMAT:

• Respond to your colleague writeup and search the internet for a different article related to trustworthiness and/or quality of qualitative research that offer techniques or strategies.
• Explain how these other techniques or strategies might further ensure quality, trustworthiness, and credibility in qualitative research
• Finally, evaluate the feasibility of your colleague’s strategies.
• Politely agree or disagree with the colleague’s Offer and support an opinion, AVOID NEGATIVE CRITICISM. Also avoid “The writer or author did not do this or that, rather if you note anything the writer/author omitted, you can just say, “I would have added this or that to the write up”.
• Validate an idea with your own experience.

YOU MUST cite appropriately all words not your own words

Please cite at least 5 scholarly references as appropriate using APA FORMAT.

MUST be void of any form of PLAGIARISM

Ensure the quality, trustworthiness, and the credibility of your qualitative research
When conducting qualitative research, there must be criteria that are met to justify using this method as of data collection as well as having a plan in place to conduct the research to eliminate the waste of valuable resources (Nowell et al., 2017). There are many terms that can be incorporated into qualitative research such as transferability, generalizability, ontological authenticity, reciprocity, dependability, confirmability, reflexivity, fittingness, vitality, and goodness (Avondale College, 2012). Incorporating these factors within a quality study displays and ensures easy transfer of the information from the interviewee to the interviewer (Nowell et al., 2017). Establishing a relationship between the targeted population and being open to questions about the study’ purposes could result in a higher quality of data when trustworthiness and credibility are established within that community (Ravitch & Carol, 2016). Below are strategies that can be used to increase these elements are resulting in better output information relating to the study.
Fittingness
In some qualitative studies, the alignment of the study does not always coincide with the purpose of the study or health issue that is being researched (Auburn University, 2019). There must be common ground established between the purpose of the research and the targeted group to increase the credibility of the study. Using the fittingness criteria for a study allow the researcher to question the intention of their study as well as justify the purpose of the research on the topic (Auburn University, 2019). The fittingness of a study is accompanied by two other areas of research, which are credibility and audibility (Auburn University, 2019). All three of the criteria together ensures that qualitative research is conducted using robustness, accuracy, and completeness to ensure quality data is being obtained for study purposes. Incorporating these elements will increase the reliability and quality of the study as theories are often challenged to ensure there were no manipulations to the data or personnel biases were excluded as much as possible (Nowell et al., 2017).
Validity
The validity of a study is a component of the research that ensures there are a series of verifications that minimize errors that can contribute to a misclassification of a population and results can be supported by previous research (British Columbia campus, 2019). Since different biases are introduced in a study, classifications can sometimes be misfocused by the researcher or data collectors. According to Regional (2013), favorable personal stands, inadequately prepared questionnaires, and faulty data collection could lead to a research misclassification amongst the participants for a study, thus reducing the reliability of the study. Often it is challenging to classify individuals in a group because of participant influences, misinterpretation of the questions, and confusion due to unrelated issues. This is why it is pertinent to ensure questionnaires, interviews, and surveys are clear when relying on self-reported data so there is a better opportunity to collect pertinent data that could support findings and the purpose of the study.
Informed Consent
Informed consent is the acknowledgment from a recipient that they are fully aware and understand the consequences of receiving a commodity (Wolf et al., 2019). According to Walkup and Bock (2009), eight elements should be reviewed with a potential recipient before enrolling or aiding in a study. Those elements are listed as a study’s purpose, duration, procedures, right to decline/withdraw and any associated consequences, reasonably foreseeable factors pertinent to their decision to participate, prospective benefits or incentives, confidentiality limits, and contact information about their rights. Reviewing these elements with potential beneficiaries display good faith and shows that there is no intention to produce harm. Not displaying these characteristics would jeopardize study as there could be doubt in the intention of the study. Once the participants have satisfied all the studies requirements, they are usually recruited to remain in the study and often informed of benefits of remaining in the study such as compensation of some sort (University of Virginia, 2012). Using the snowball technique could be used to gain trustworthiness amongst a community (Laerd, 2012). The snowball sampling technique is more successful when the influencers are individuals that are respected in their community and has a leadership role such as these college-educated individuals who were selected to participate in the study (Laerd, 2012).

References
Auburn University. (2019). Issues in Qualitative Research. Retrieved from
http://www.auburn.edu/~elliskj/issues.htm.
Avondale College. (2012). Selecting Criteria to Evaluate Qualitative Research. Retrieved from
http://research.avondale.edu.au/edu_papers
British Columbia campus. (2019). Reliability and Validity of Measurement
Retrieved from https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/reliability-and-validity-of-
measurement/
Gill, P. & Baillie, J. (2018). Interviews and focus groups in qualitative research: an update for
the digital age. British Dental Journal. 225(7), 668-672.
Laerd Dissertation. (2012). Snowball Sampling. Retrieved from
http://dissertation.laerd.com/snowball-sampling.php
Nowell, L.S., Norris, J.M., White, D.E., & Moules, N.J. (2017). Thematic analysis: striving to
meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1-
13. DOI: 10.1177/1609406917733847
Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical,
and methodological. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Regional, P. (2013). How to Reduce Researcher Bias in Social Research. Retrieved from
http://simplyeducate.me/2013/08/12/how-to-reduce-researcher-bias-in-social-research/
Pokorny, J. J., Norman, A., Zanesco, A. P., Bauer-Wu, S., Sahdra, B. K., & Saron, C. D. (2018).
Network analysis for the visualization and analysis of qualitative data. Psychological
Methods, 23(1), 169-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000129
Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Thousand Oaks,
CA: SAGE.
Wolf, S.M., Clayton, E.W., & Lawrenz, F. (2018). The past, present, and future of informed
consent in research and translational medicine. The Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics,
(46)1, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110518766003

ASSIGNMENT 3

TOPIC: “Ethic in Data Collection”

Read the write-up below and respond and/or comment using a scholarly tone. Write a FULL Page. On the following, use Paragraph Headings Per APA FORMAT:

• Respond to your colleague writeup and explain what you found in your research related to protecting privacy, minimizing harm, and respecting the shared experiences of others
• Provide a suggestion for overcoming the ethical challenge your colleague addressed in their writeup
• Use the article you found in your search to support your response.
• Offer and support an opinion and Make suggestion or comment that guides or facilitates the discussion.
• Politely agree or disagree with the colleague’s Offer and support an opinion, AVOID NEGATIVE CRITICISM. Also avoid “The writer or author did not do this or that, rather if you note anything the writer/author omitted, you can just say, “I would have added this or that to the write up”.
• Validate an idea with your own experience.

YOU MUST cite appropriately all words not your own words

Please cite at least 5 scholarly references as appropriate using APA FORMAT.

MUST be void of any form of PLAGIARISM

Post an explanation of the unique ethical challenges of protecting privacy, minimizing harm, and respecting the shared experience of others. Use your learning resources and any article you found in your research to support your explanation.
Qualitative research involves establishing clear goals for the overall research process. Within these goals includes a clear plan for considering and addressing any ethical situations that may occur (Babbie, 2017; Burkholder, Cox, & Crawford, 2016; Surmiak. 2018). Throughout the qualitative research process lies certain actions which can minimize the possibilities leading to ethical issues (Ravitch & Carl, 2016; Burkholder, Cox, & Crawford, 2016). Though not all situations can be foreseen, many vital steps that can assist and lessen the possibility with this multifaceted area of concern. Though all research should aim to practice in an ethical manner, it is important to consider and reconsider specific steps of the qualitative research process (Ravitch & Carl, 2016; Salazar, Crosby, & DiClemente, 2015).
For example, understanding and adhering to the needs of trans international and cross-cultural practices utilizing a review broad is a first step to minimizing ethical issues (Ravitch & Carl. 2016; Surmiak, 2018). Social researchers in places such as the United States, Australia, or the United Kingdom, are accustomed to Institutional review boards (IRB) meant to approve and guide ethical research inquiry and assist with any questions that could arise (Babbie, 2017; Surmiak, 2018). However, in other locations such as Poland, IRB’s are scares nor usually required to conduct research (Surmiak, 2018). Thus, this could devalue the level of trustworthiness, credibility, and transferability of the research, not to mention the possibility of causing harm to the participants or a breech in other areas of ethical concern (Ravitch & Carl. 2016; Surmiak, 2018).
Another unique challenge to consider during the research process is accessibility and authentic engagement (Burkholder, Cox, & Crawford, 2016; Ravitch & Carl. 2016; Surmiak, 2018). Considering that control over ethical research may vary depending on the location, gaining access and information to populations must be handled carefully and with consideration (Ravitch & Carl. 2016; Surmiak, 2018). Some populations are considered vulnerable; thus, transparency, authentic engagement set a strong foundation of integrity and support (Burkholder, Cox, & Crawford, 2016; Ravitch & Carl. 2016; Surmiak, 2018).
In the end, researchers must remain adamant about including IRB’s, obtaining informed consent, and creating respectful relationships only to name a few. Obvious items such as the use of pseudonyms, utilizing a safe and secure location when appropriate, or removing identifying data all decrease many of the above-mentioned challenges as well as adds to the capability of shared data (Burkholder, Cox, & Crawford, 2016; Ravitch & Carl. 2016; Surmiak, 2018). However, even then items such as legal obligations, unknown bystanders recording with their smartphones, or stolen data, can forfeit people’s personal privacy. In today’s society we witness this frequently with the multiple videos posted or data breeches. Carefully conveying clear expectations of the goals includes considering and discussion these situations and adds to the level of minimizing harm to the participant.
References
Babbie, E. (2017). Basics of social research (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Burkholder, G. J., Cox, K. A., & Crawford, L. M. (2016). The scholar-practitioner’s guide to research design. Baltimore, MD: Laureate Publishing
Connelly, L.M. (2016). Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b467/089d0422a83fe1d5715d837dd39d9fce4e7c.pdf
Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2012). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Salazar, L, Crosby, R. A., & DiClemente, R. J. (2015). Research methods in health promotion (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Surmiak. A. (2018). Confidentiality in Qualitative Research Involving Vulnerable Participants: Researchers’ Perspectives. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/redey/Downloads/3099-12943-1-PB.pdf
 

ASSIGNMENT 4

Read the write-up below and respond and/or comment using a scholarly tone. Write a FULL Page. On the following, use Paragraph Headings Per APA FORMAT:

• Respond to your colleague writeup and explain what you found in your research related to protecting privacy, minimizing harm, and respecting the shared experiences of others
• Provide a suggestion for overcoming the ethical challenge your colleague addressed in their writeup
• Use the article you found in your search to support your response.
• Offer and support an opinion and Make suggestion or comment that guides or facilitates the discussion.
• Politely agree or disagree with the colleague’s Offer and support an opinion, AVOID NEGATIVE CRITICISM. Also avoid “The writer or author did not do this or that, rather if you note anything the writer/author omitted, you can just say, “I would have added this or that to the write up”.
• Validate an idea with your own experience.

YOU MUST cite appropriately all words not your own words

Please cite at least 5 scholarly references as appropriate using APA FORMAT.

MUST be void of any form of PLAGIARISM

Ethical challenges of protecting privacy, minimizing harm, and respecting the shared experience of others.

        When collecting data during a study, researchers have the responsibility of safeguarding the personal information that is supplied by the interviewee regardless if they participate in volunteers or is compensated for their time (Labilles, 2014). To keep the information confidential, there are a series of strategies and guidelines that can be used to ensure the patient is not exposed to the public unless there is an agreement between the study coordinator and the participates. Exceptional cases such as these could be used as a tool for empowerment, advertisement, alternatively, to gain trust within a targeted community to partake in the program or intervention (Walden University, n.d.).
        To save personal information that is collected, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) guidelines can be followed (Cohen & Mello, 2018). These guidelines can be used to ensure there are not intentional or unintentional breaches in the data or misusage of information. Key strategies are using patient id numbers, closing computers when unattended, keeping data in secured locations (paperwork or servers), and never discussing information that is obtained by a patient to individuals who are not directly involved in the program (Labilles, 2014).The goal of using these guidelines are to protect patients as well as healthcare professionals for unwanted intrusions and penalties (Labilles, 2014).
        Privacy is vital, and when data-sharing is used such as in the case of collaborations of studies, all patient information should be coded in a manner to break the link between the participant and the study (Cohen & Mello, 2018). Because most health care services have converted to digital logging, texting, calling, and alerting surveillance system, there should be safeguards to protect patient’s information (Drolet, 2017). Therefore, most facilities have to log into a system to retrieve data, so there is a thumbprint of who is accessing data and why (Drolet, 2017). Most interviews are taken via paper surveys but are often keyed into an automatic system such as excel and stored electronically (HealthIT.gov, 2018). Trained, qualified Information Technologist (IT), is essential to govern this information often located on servers and also web attacks that may expose patient information which could be used for fraudulent purposes (HealthIT.gov, 2018).  
        Two other guidelines that may be used to safeguard pertinent information are using beneficence and nonmaleficence. These guiding factors justify why the research was necessary and the actions taken during the time of research, data collection, and report of findings (Ross et al., 2018). Once the goal of a study or program is clear and is determined to improve the health of an individual or group, most stakeholders approve the continuation of the program (Markle et al., 2014). Having a higher authority often promotes carefulness during the program primarily when retributions are issued for breaking rules that may jeopardize the health or personal life of the participants.
       In conclusion, data can be collected, stored, and utilized successfully when health care professional follow simple but useful guidelines such as professionalism, codes of ethics, displaying privacy, and being culturally aware of the targeted population.

References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016), Cultural and health literacy.
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthliteracy/culture.html
Cohen, G., & Mello, M. (2018). HIPAA and protecting health information in the 21st century.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 320(3), 231-232.
Drolet, B. (2017). Text messaging and protected health information. Journal of the American
Medical Association, 317(23), 2369-2370.
HealthIT.gov. (2018). What is an electronic health record (EHR)? Retrieved from
https://www.healthit.gov/faq/what-electronic-health-record-ehr
Markle, W. H., Fisher, M. A., & Smego, R. A., Jr. (2014). Understanding global
health (2nd ed). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Labilles, U. (2014). A challenge to public health surveillance interoperability and
clinical research. Retrieved from https://onenationsecho.com/2014/05/13/a-
challenge-to-public-health-surveillance-interoperability-and-clinical-research
Ross, M., Iguchi, M., & Panicker, S. Ethical aspects of data sharing and research participant
protections. American Psychological Association, 73(2), 138-145.
Walden University. (n.d.). Social-economic model. Retrieved from
https://class.waldenu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/USW1/201730_27/MS_PUBH/PUBH_
6030/artifacts/PUBH%206030%20SEM%20template_Week%202_11.pdf